Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

"One of the weapons originating from the Two Fingers. A formless sequence of ciphers comprise its blade, and as such no shield can repel it. Deals holy damage. The furtive inscription appears to hang ...

TIOBE Index for December 2025: Top 10 Most Popular Programming Languages Your email has been sent December’s TIOBE Index lands with a quieter top tier but a livelier shuffle just beneath it. The main ...

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Liz Simmons is an education staff writer at Forbes Advisor. She has written about higher education and career development for various online publications since 2016. She earned a master’s degree in ...

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...

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Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Marguerita is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP), Chartered Retirement Planning Counselor ...

Liz Simmons is an education staff writer at Forbes Advisor. She has written about higher education and career development for various online publications since 2016. She earned a master’s degree in ...