Introduction: In unsupervised learning, data clustering is essential. However, many current algorithms have issues like early convergence, inadequate local search capabilities, and trouble processing ...

Simplex optimization is one of the simplest algorithms available to train a neural network. Understanding how simplex optimization works, and how it compares to the more commonly used back-propagation ...

Abstract: As a recent swarm-based intelligent optimization algorithm, Pigeon Inspired Optimization (PIO), is motivated by the natural bio-mechanism of pigeons for their superior skills in destination ...