In the early 1950s, experiments by two teams of researchers, Salvador Luria working with Mary Human and Joe Bertani working with Jean Weigle, showed that some strains of bacteria were more resistant ...

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites are called endonucleases; these enzymes play many roles in genomic replication, fidelity, and defense. The initial discovery of restriction endonucleases in the ...

Restriction mapping is a method used to map an unknown segment of DNA by breaking it into pieces and then identifying the locations of the breakpoints. This method relies upon the use of proteins ...

Scientists first observed the biological phenomenon of restriction and modification in the 1950s, but they did not identify and isolate restriction enzymes until the late 1960s. 3 In 1970, Hamilton ...

Molecular cloning relies on two key components to construct recombinant DNA: 1) a DNA vector and 2) one or more DNA fragments containing the gene(s) of interest (GOI). To produce a GOI fragment, DNA ...

Restriction enzymes are essential tools for recombinant DNA technology that have revolutionized modern biological research; however, they have limited sequence specificity and availability. The ...

Developments in molecular diagnostics have been vital in discovering novel pathogens and diagnosing many human diseases. The recent coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute ...

Modular cloning and expression of complex genetic assemblies are becoming widely popular. Recent applications based on site-specific and homologous recombination have substantially improved the ...