DNA modifying enzymes are a group of specialized proteins that play an essential role in the maintenance and expression of genetic information. These enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that modify ...

DNA is made from four nucleosides, each known by its own letter — A, G, C, and T. However, since the structure of DNA was deciphered in 1953, scientists have discovered several other variants that are ...

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites are called endonucleases; these enzymes play many roles in genomic replication, fidelity, and defense. The initial discovery of restriction endonucleases in the ...

DNA phosphorothioate modification is a distinctive epigenetic alteration in which a non‐bridging oxygen atom within the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone is replaced by ...

Epigenetics is the study of how our cells alter their function by modifying gene expression in our genetic code or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In our cells, DNA is constantly being used to generate ...

An important DNA modification is methylation, or the addition of a methyl group to the 5th carbon of cytosine. This forms 5-methylcytosine (5mC), typically associated with repression of gene ...

CRISPR—Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats—is the microbial world’s answer to adaptive immunity. Bacteria don’t generate antibodies when they are invaded by a pathogen and then ...

Scientists from Durham University, Jagiellonian University (Poland), and the John Innes Centre have made a significant advancement in understanding DNA gyrase, an essential bacterial enzyme and a ...

There are many health problems that can be traced back to errors in the genetic code. There are also many potential benefits to genetic engineering outside of healthcare. Nature has already found ways ...